• lijie <cpunion gmail.com> Jul 16 2012
• "David Piepgrass" <qwertie256 gmail.com> Jul 17 2012
• Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> Jul 17 2012
• Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> Jul 18 2012
• Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> Jul 18 2012
• lijie <cpunion gmail.com> Jul 17 2012
• "Paulo Pinto" <pjmlp progtools.org> Jul 17 2012
• lijie <cpunion gmail.com> Jul 18 2012
• lijie <cpunion gmail.com> Jul 18 2012

lijie <cpunion gmail.com> writes:

--bcaec54ee70648411304c4f5aeef
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

I want to imitate golang's interface in D, to study D's template. I wrote
some code: https://gist.github.com/3123593

Now we can write code like golang:
--
interface IFoo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c);
}

struct Foo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c) {
        writeln("Foo.foo: ", a, ", ", b, ", ", c);
    }
}

struct FooFoo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c) {
        writeln("FooFoo.foo: ", a, ", ", b, ", ", c);
    }
}

GoInterface!(IFoo) f =3D new Foo;
f.foo(3, "abc", 2.2);

f =3D new FooFoo;
f.foo(5, "def", 7.7);
--

It is also very naive, does not support some features, like out/ref
parameters, free functions *[1]* and so on. The biggest problem is downcast
not supported. In golang, we can write code like*[2]*:
--
var p IWriter =3D NewB(10)
p2, ok :=3D p.(IReadWriter)
--

Seems [p.(IReadWriter)] dynamically build a virtual table *[3]*=EF=BC=8Cbec=
ause the
type of "p" is IWriter, it is *smaller* than IReadWriter, the cast
operation must search methods and build vtbl at run time.

In D, GoInterface(T).opAssign!(V)(V v) can build a rich runtime information
to *V* if we need. But if *V* is interface or base class, the type
information not complete. So, seems like I need runtime reflection? and how
can I do this in D? I did not find any useful information in the TypeInfo*.

------
[1] free functions support, e.g.
--
interface IFoo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c);
}
void foo(int self, int a, string b, float c) {
    writefln("...");
}

GoInterface!(int) p =3D 1;
p.foo(4, "ccc", 6.6);
--
In theory no problem.

[2] example from
https://github.com/xushiwei/gobook/blob/master/dive-into/interface/03/inter=
face.go
[3] /path/of/go/src/pkg/runtime/iface.c: static Itab* itab(InterfaceType
*inter, Type *type, int32 canfail)


Best regards,

-- Li Jie

--bcaec54ee70648411304c4f5aeef
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

I want to imitate golang's interface in D, to study D's template. I=
 wrote some code: <a href=3D"https://gist.github.com/3123593">https://gist.=
github.com/3123593</a><div><br></div><div>Now we can write code like golang=
:</div>
--<br><div>interface IFoo {</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 void foo(int a, string =
b, float c);</div><div>}</div><div><br></div><div>struct Foo {</div><div>=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 void foo(int a, string b, float c) {</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 writeln(&quot;Foo.foo: &quot;, a, &quot;, &quot;, b, &quot;, =
&quot;, c);</div>
<div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 }</div><div>}</div><div><br></div><div>struct FooFoo {</=
div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 void foo(int a, string b, float c) {</div><div>=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 writeln(&quot;FooFoo.foo: &quot;, a, &quot;, &quot=
;, b, &quot;, &quot;, c);</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 }</div>
<div>}</div><div><br></div><div>GoInterface!(IFoo) f =3D new Foo;</div><div=
f.foo(3, &quot;abc&quot;, 2.2);</div><div><br></div><div>f =3D new FooFoo;=


very naive, does not support some features, like out/ref parameters, free f=
unctions <b>[1]</b> and so on. The biggest problem is downcast not supporte=
d. In golang, we can write code like<b>[2]</b>:=C2=A0</div>
<div>--<br>var p IWriter =3D NewB(10)<br>p2, ok :=3D p.(IReadWriter)<br>--<=
div><br>Seems [p.(IReadWriter)] dynamically build a virtual table=C2=A0<b>[=
3]</b>=EF=BC=8Cbecause the type of &quot;p&quot; is IWriter, it is *smaller=
* than IReadWriter, the cast operation must search methods and build vtbl a=
t run time.<br>
<br>In D, GoInterface(T).opAssign!(V)(V v) can build a rich runtime informa=
tion to *V* if we need. But if *V* is interface or base class, the type inf=
ormation not complete. So, seems like I need runtime reflection? and how ca=
n I do this in D? I did not find any useful information in the TypeInfo*.</=
div>
<div><br></div><div>------</div><div>[1] free functions support, e.g.</div>=
<div>--</div><div><div>interface IFoo {</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 void foo(in=
t a, string b, float c);</div><div>}</div></div><div>void foo(int self, int=
 a, string b, float c) {</div>
<div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 writefln(&quot;...&quot;);</div><div>}</div><div><br></d=
iv><div>GoInterface!(int) p =3D 1;</div><div>p.foo(4, &quot;ccc&quot;, 6.6)=
;</div><div>--</div><div><span style=3D"font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;wh=
ite-space:pre-wrap">In theory no problem.</span></div>
<div><br></div><div>[2] example=C2=A0from <a href=3D"https://github.com/xus=
hiwei/gobook/blob/master/dive-into/interface/03/interface.go">https://githu=
b.com/xushiwei/gobook/blob/master/dive-into/interface/03/interface.go</a></=
div>
<div>[3] /path/of/go/src/pkg/runtime/iface.c:=C2=A0static Itab*=C2=A0itab(I=
nterfaceType *inter, Type *type, int32 canfail)</div></div></div><div><br><=
/div><div><br></div><div>Best regards,</div><div><br></div><div>-- Li Jie</=
div>

--bcaec54ee70648411304c4f5aeef--

"David Piepgrass" <qwertie256 gmail.com> writes:

 I want to imitate golang's interface in D, to study D's 
 template. I wrote
 some code: https://gist.github.com/3123593

 Now we can write code like golang:
 --
 interface IFoo {
     void foo(int a, string b, float c);
 }

 struct Foo {
     void foo(int a, string b, float c) {
         writeln("Foo.foo: ", a, ", ", b, ", ", c);
     }
 }

 struct FooFoo {
     void foo(int a, string b, float c) {
         writeln("FooFoo.foo: ", a, ", ", b, ", ", c);
     }
 }

 GoInterface!(IFoo) f = new Foo;
 f.foo(3, "abc", 2.2);

 f = new FooFoo;
 f.foo(5, "def", 7.7);
 --

 It is also very naive, does not support some features, like 
 out/ref
 parameters, free functions *[1]* and so on. The biggest problem 
 is downcast
 not supported. In golang, we can write code like*[2]*:
 --
 var p IWriter = NewB(10)
 p2, ok := p.(IReadWriter)
 --

 Seems [p.(IReadWriter)] dynamically build a virtual table 
 *[3]*，because the
 type of "p" is IWriter, it is *smaller* than IReadWriter, the 
 cast
 operation must search methods and build vtbl at run time.

 In D, GoInterface(T).opAssign!(V)(V v) can build a rich runtime 
 information
 to *V* if we need. But if *V* is interface or base class, the 
 type
 information not complete. So, seems like I need runtime 
 reflection? and how
 can I do this in D? I did not find any useful information in 
 the TypeInfo*.

 ------
 [1] free functions support, e.g.
 --
 interface IFoo {
     void foo(int a, string b, float c);
 }
 void foo(int self, int a, string b, float c) {
     writefln("...");
 }

 GoInterface!(int) p = 1;
 p.foo(4, "ccc", 6.6);
 --
 In theory no problem.


I, too, was enamored with Go Interfaces and implemented them for 
.NET:

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/87991/Dynamic-interfaces-in-any-NET-language

And I wasn't the only one; later, someone else published another 
library for .NET with the exact same goal. This is definitely a 
feature I would want to see in D, preferably as a first-class 
feature, although sadly that would break any code that relies on 
ISomething being pointer-sized; Go uses fat pointers, and we use 
a thin-pointer implementation in .NET but it's inefficient (as 
every cast creates a heap-allocated wrapper, and 
double-indirection is needed to reach the real method.)

Anyway, they say it's possible to build runtime reflection in D 
but I've no idea how... has it never been done before?

Of course, runtime template instantiation won't be possible. 
Therefore, run-time casting will have to be more limited than 
compile-time casting.

Reflection to free functions would be really nice, but it might 
be less capable at run-time. Consider if you there is a class A 
in third-party module MA that you want to cast to interface I, 
but class A is missing a function F() from I. So in your module 
(module MB) you define a free function F(B) and now you can do 
the cast. I guess realistically this can only happen at 
compile-time, since a run-time cast would naturally only look in 
module MA, not MB, for functions it could use to perform the 
cast. Presumably, it also requires that MA requested a run-time 
reflection table to be built, and is it possible to build a 
reflection table for a module over which you have no control?

Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> writes:

On 2012-07-18 06:10, lijie wrote:

 Free functions support is hard, with runtime cast, I just think compile
 time.


It's possibly to implement runtime reflection by loading the running 
executable and inspecting the symbol table. It's an ugly hack but it 
should work.

http://flectioned.kuehne.cn/

 I am trying to support free functions at compile time, is also hard,
 since the generator in gointerface module, but other modules are only
 visible in the module that used these modules. I have an ugly
 implementation used compile time string mixin, trying to simplify it.
 Fighting.


I think you can pass a module to a template via an alias parameter. Then 
the template should be able to inspect all free functions using 
something like __traits(allMembers).

-- 
/Jacob Carlborg

Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> writes:

On 2012-07-18 09:26, lijie wrote:

 It is an optional way. I want to do all thing in D code.


You can do this in D.

-- 
/Jacob Carlborg

Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> writes:

On 2012-07-18 17:10, lijie wrote:
 On Wed, Jul 18, 2012 at 2:59 PM, Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com
 <mailto:doob me.com>> wrote:

     I think you can pass a module to a template via an alias parameter.
     Then the template should be able to inspect all free functions using
     something like __traits(allMembers).


 Have a problem.

 --
 // file: A.d

 module A;

 // functions and classes
 --

 --
 // file: testtraits.d

 import std.stdio;
 import A;

 void main() {
    writeln(__traits(allMembers, A));
 }
 --

 There is a compilation error:
 testtraits.d(6): Error: import A has no members

 If module is under a package name, it is OK, is that a bug?


Seems like it.

http://d.puremagic.com/issues/

-- 
/Jacob Carlborg

lijie <cpunion gmail.com> writes:

--14dae9cdc821784a3904c512d885
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8

On Tue, Jul 17, 2012 at 11:08 PM, David Piepgrass <qwertie256 gmail.com>wrote:
 I, too, was enamored with Go Interfaces and implemented them for .NET:

 http://www.codeproject.com/**Articles/87991/Dynamic-**
 interfaces-in-any-NET-language<http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/87991/Dynamic-interfaces-in-any-NET-language>



Interesting, good article and project, thanks.

And I wasn't the only one; later, someone else published another library
 for .NET with the exact same goal. This is definitely a feature I would
 want to see in D, preferably as a first-class feature, although sadly that
 would break any code that relies on ISomething being pointer-sized; Go uses
 fat pointers, and we use a thin-pointer implementation in .NET but it's
 inefficient (as every cast creates a heap-allocated wrapper, and
 double-indirection is needed to reach the real method.)


D has powerful template and CTFE, seems we have more choices, fat pointer
or thin pointer. I didn't think seriously about the performance differences.

About every cast creates a heap-allocated wrapper, I think we can try to
use lower cost way in D. In my code:

--

    void opAssign(V)(GoInterface!(V) v) if (is(V == interface)) {
        //pragma(msg, "assign for GoInterface");
        static if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(V, T)) {
            //pragma(msg, V.stringof ~ " can implicitly convert to " ~
T.stringof);
            m_impl = v.m_impl;
        }
        else static if (isImplicitlyConvertible!(T, V)) {
            //pragma(msg, T.stringof ~ " can implicitly convert to " ~
V.stringof ~ ", try dynamic cast");
            if (v.m_impl is null) {
                m_impl = null;
            }
            else {
                m_impl = cast(T)(v.m_impl);
                if (m_impl is null) {
                    // dynamic cast failed, try dynamic proxy
                    m_impl = buildDynamicProxy!(V)(v);
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            //pragma(msg, "cannot implicitly between " ~ V.stringof ~
" and " ~ T.stringof);
            static if (isInterfaceConvertible!(V, T)) {
                //pragma(msg, "generate static proxy to convert " ~
V.stringof ~ " to " ~ T.stringof);
                m_impl = new StaticProxy!(V)(v.m_impl);
            }
            else {
                //pragma(msg, V.stringof ~ " not compatible " ~
T.stringof ~ ", must dynamic build call proxy");
                m_impl = buildDynamicProxy!(V)(v);
            }
        }
    }

--

Some cases we can directly do assignment, it also can be optimized to
reduce heap allocation.


 Anyway, they say it's possible to build runtime reflection in D but I've
 no idea how... has it never been done before?



 Of course, runtime template instantiation won't be possible. Therefore,
 run-time casting will have to be more limited than compile-time casting.

 Reflection to free functions would be really nice, but it might be less
 capable at run-time. Consider if you there is a class A in third-party
 module MA that you want to cast to interface I, but class A is missing a
 function F() from I. So in your module (module MB) you define a free
 function F(B) and now you can do the cast. I guess realistically this can
 only happen at compile-time, since a run-time cast would naturally only
 look in module MA, not MB, for functions it could use to perform the cast.
 Presumably, it also requires that MA requested a run-time reflection table
 to be built, and is it possible to build a reflection table for a module
 over which you have no control?


Free functions support is hard, with runtime cast, I just think compile
time.

I am trying to support free functions at compile time, is also hard, since
the generator in gointerface module, but other modules are only visible in
the module that used these modules. I have an ugly implementation used
compile time string mixin, trying to simplify it. Fighting.

--14dae9cdc821784a3904c512d885
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Tue, Jul 17, 2012 at 11:08 PM, David Piepgras=
s <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:qwertie256 gmail.com" target=3D"_=
blank">qwertie256 gmail.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<blockquote class=3D"gmail=
_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:=
1ex">

I, too, was enamored with Go Interfaces and implemented them for .NET:<br>
<br>
<a href=3D"http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/87991/Dynamic-interfaces-in-=
any-NET-language" target=3D"_blank">http://www.codeproject.com/<u></u>Artic=
les/87991/Dynamic-<u></u>interfaces-in-any-NET-language</a></blockquote><di=
v>
<br></div><div>Interesting, good article and project, thanks.</div><div><br=
</div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-=


 someone else published another library for .NET with the exact same goal. =
This is definitely a feature I would want to see in D, preferably as a firs=
t-class feature, although sadly that would break any code that relies on IS=
omething being pointer-sized; Go uses fat pointers, and we use a thin-point=
er implementation in .NET but it&#39;s inefficient (as every cast creates a=
 heap-allocated wrapper, and double-indirection is needed to reach the real=
 method.)<br>
</blockquote><div>=C2=A0</div>D has powerful template and CTFE, seems we ha=
ve more choices, fat pointer or thin pointer. I didn&#39;t think seriously =
about the performance differences.</div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></di=
v><div class=3D"gmail_quote">
About every cast creates a heap-allocated wrapper, I think we can try to us=
e lower cost way in D. In my code:</div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></di=
v><div class=3D"gmail_quote">--</div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><pre style=
=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padd=
ing-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;font-family:&#39;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&#=
39;,Courier,monospace;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-align:left">
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC206" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<spa=
n class=3D"kt" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;m=
argin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding=
-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;color:rgb(68,85,136);font-weight:bold">void</sp=
an> <span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-botto=
m:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;=
padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">opAssign</span><span class=3D"p" style=
=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;paddi=
ng-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-heigh=
t:1.4em">(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px=
;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;paddin=
g-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">V</span><span class=3D"p" =
style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;=
padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-=
height:1.4em">)(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-rig=
ht:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;=
padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">GoInterface</span><s=
pan class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;=
margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;paddin=
g-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">!(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-to=
p:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;pa=
dding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">V</s=
pan><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-botto=
m:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;=
padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">)</span> <span class=3D"n" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
">v</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin=
-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-botto=
m:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">)</span> <span class=3D"k" style=
=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;paddi=
ng-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-heigh=
t:1.4em;font-weight:bold">if</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0=
px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;paddi=
ng-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">(</span=
<span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0=


ding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">is</span><span class=3D"p=
" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0p=
x;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;lin=
e-height:1.4em">(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-ri=
ght:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px=
;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">V</span> <span clas=
s=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-l=
eft:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0=
px;line-height:1.4em">=3D=3D</span> <span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0=
px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;paddi=
ng-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-wei=
ght:bold">interface</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-=
right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0=
px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">))</span> <span c=
lass=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margi=
n-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-lef=
t:0px;line-height:1.4em">{</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC207" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"c1" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-righ=
t:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;p=
adding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;color:rgb(153,153,136)=
;font-style:italic">//pragma(msg, &quot;assign for GoInterface&quot;);</spa=
n></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC208" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right=
:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pa=
dding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">stati=
c</span> <span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-=
bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom=
:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">if</span> <span c=
lass=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margi=
n-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-lef=
t:0px;line-height:1.4em">(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;=
margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-=
right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">isImplicit=
lyConvertible</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:=
0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pad=
ding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">!(</span><span class=3D=
"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:=
0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;l=
ine-height:1.4em">V</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-=
right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0=
px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">,</span> <span cl=
ass=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin=
-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left=
:0px;line-height:1.4em">T</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;m=
argin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-r=
ight:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">))</span> <=
span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px=
;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;paddi=
ng-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">{</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC209" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"c1" style=3D"ma=
rgin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top=
:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4e=
m;color:rgb(153,153,136);font-style:italic">//pragma(msg, V.stringof ~ &quo=
t; can implicitly convert to &quot; ~ T.stringof);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC210" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"n" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
">m_impl</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;=
margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding=
-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">=3D</span> <span class=3D"n=
" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0p=
x;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;lin=
e-height:1.4em">v</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-ri=
ght:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px=
;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">.</span><span class=
=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-le=
ft:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0p=
x;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px=
;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding=
-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">;</span><=
/div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC211" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right=
:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pa=
dding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">}</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC212" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right=
:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pa=
dding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">else<=
/span> <span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bo=
ttom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0=
px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">static</span> <span=
 class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;mar=
gin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-l=
eft:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">if</span> <span class=3D"p" sty=
le=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;pad=
ding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-hei=
ght:1.4em">(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0=
px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padd=
ing-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">isImplicitlyConvertible<=
/span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bot=
tom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0p=
x;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">!(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"m=
argin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-to=
p:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4=
em">T</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;marg=
in-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bot=
tom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">,</span> <span class=3D"n" styl=
e=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padd=
ing-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-heig=
ht:1.4em">V</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0p=
x;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;paddi=
ng-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">))</span> <span class=3D"=
p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0=
px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;li=
ne-height:1.4em">{</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC213" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"c1" style=3D"ma=
rgin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top=
:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4e=
m;color:rgb(153,153,136);font-style:italic">//pragma(msg, T.stringof ~ &quo=
t; can implicitly convert to &quot; ~ V.stringof ~ &quot;, try dynamic cast=
&quot;);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC214" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"k" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
;font-weight:bold">if</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;marg=
in-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-righ=
t:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">(</span><span =
class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em">v</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px=
;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding=
-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">.</span><=
span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px=
;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;paddi=
ng-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span> <span class=3D"k" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
;font-weight:bold">is</span> <span class=3D"kc" style=3D"margin-top:0px;mar=
gin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-rig=
ht:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bo=
ld">null</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">)</span> <span class=3D"p" s=
tyle=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;p=
adding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-h=
eight:1.4em">{</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC215" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-t=
op:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;p=
adding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">=3D=
</span> <span class=3D"kc" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-=
bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom=
:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">null</span><span =
class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em">;</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC216" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"p" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
">}</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC217" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"k" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
;font-weight:bold">else</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;ma=
rgin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-ri=
ght:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">{</span></di=
v>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC218" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-t=
op:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;p=
adding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">=3D=
</span> <span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-b=
ottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:=
0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">cast</span><span c=
lass=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margi=
n-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-lef=
t:0px;line-height:1.4em">(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;=
margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-=
right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">T</span><s=
pan class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;=
margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;paddin=
g-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">)(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-to=
p:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;pa=
dding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">v</s=
pan><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-botto=
m:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;=
padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">.</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"marg=
in-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0=
px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em"=
m_impl</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;ma=


ottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC219" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">if</span> <span class=3D"p" styl=
e=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padd=
ing-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-heig=
ht:1.4em">(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0p=
x;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;paddi=
ng-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span> <span class=
=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-le=
ft:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0p=
x;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">is</span> <span class=3D"kc" style=3D=
"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-=
top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1=
.4em;font-weight:bold">null</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px=
;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding=
-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">)</span> =
<span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0p=
x;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padd=
ing-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">{</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC220" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"c1" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0=
px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padd=
ing-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;color:rgb(153,153,136);fo=
nt-style:italic">// dynamic cast failed, try dynamic proxy</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC221" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0p=
x;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;paddi=
ng-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span> <span class=
=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-le=
ft:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0p=
x;line-height:1.4em">=3D</span> <span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;m=
argin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-r=
ight:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">buildDynami=
cProxy</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;mar=
gin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bo=
ttom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">!(</span><span class=3D"n" sty=
le=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;pad=
ding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-hei=
ght:1.4em">V</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0=
px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padd=
ing-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">)(</span><span class=3D"=
n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0=
px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;li=
ne-height:1.4em">v</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-r=
ight:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0p=
x;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC222" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em">}</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC223" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"p" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
">}</span>            </div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC224" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right=
:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pa=
dding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">}</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC225" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right=
:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pa=
dding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">else<=
/span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bo=
ttom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0=
px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">{</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC226" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"c1" style=3D"ma=
rgin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top=
:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4e=
m;color:rgb(153,153,136);font-style:italic">//pragma(msg, &quot;cannot impl=
icitly between &quot; ~ V.stringof ~ &quot; and &quot; ~ T.stringof);</span=
</div>


argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"k" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
;font-weight:bold">static</span> <span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;=
margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-=
right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight=
:bold">if</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px=
;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;paddin=
g-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">(</span><span class=3D"n" =
style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;=
padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-=
height:1.4em">isInterfaceConvertible</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margi=
n-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0p=
x;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">=
!(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-=
bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom=
:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">V</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D=
"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-=
top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1=
.4em">,</span> <span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">T</span><span class=3D"p" st=
yle=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;pa=
dding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-he=
ight:1.4em">))</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-righ=
t:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;p=
adding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">{</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC228" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"c1" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;mar=
gin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-l=
eft:0px;line-height:1.4em;color:rgb(153,153,136);font-style:italic">//pragm=
a(msg, &quot;generate static proxy to convert &quot; ~ V.stringof ~ &quot; =
to &quot; ~ T.stringof);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC229" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-t=
op:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;p=
adding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">=3D=
</span> <span class=3D"k" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-b=
ottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:=
0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold">new</span> <span c=
lass=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margi=
n-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-lef=
t:0px;line-height:1.4em">StaticProxy</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D"margi=
n-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0p=
x;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">=
!(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-=
bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom=
:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">V</span><span class=3D"p" style=3D=
"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-=
top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1=
.4em">)(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">v</span><span class=3D"p" st=
yle=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;pa=
dding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-he=
ight:1.4em">.</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:=
0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pad=
ding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span><span clas=
s=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-l=
eft:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0=
px;line-height:1.4em">);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC230" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"p" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
">}</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC231" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"k" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
;font-weight:bold">else</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;ma=
rgin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-ri=
ght:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">{</span></di=
v>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC232" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"c1" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;mar=
gin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-l=
eft:0px;line-height:1.4em;color:rgb(153,153,136);font-style:italic">//pragm=
a(msg, V.stringof ~ &quot; not compatible &quot; ~ T.stringof ~ &quot;, mus=
t dynamic build call proxy&quot;);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC233" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span =
class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;marg=
in-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-le=
ft:0px;line-height:1.4em">m_impl</span> <span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-t=
op:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;p=
adding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">=3D=
</span> <span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-b=
ottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:=
0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">buildDynamicProxy</span><span class=
=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-le=
ft:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0p=
x;line-height:1.4em">!(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0px;mar=
gin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-rig=
ht:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">V</span><span=
 class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;mar=
gin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-l=
eft:0px;line-height:1.4em">)(</span><span class=3D"n" style=3D"margin-top:0=
px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;paddi=
ng-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">v</span=
<span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0=


ding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">);</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC234" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"p" style=3D"mar=
gin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:=
0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em=
">}</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC235" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<span class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right=
:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;pa=
dding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;line-height:1.4em">}</span></div>
<div class=3D"line" id=3D"LC236" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;m=
argin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-=
bottom:0px;padding-left:1em;line-height:1.4em">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0<spa=
n class=3D"p" style=3D"margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;ma=
rgin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-=
left:0px;line-height:1.4em">}</span></div>
</pre></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote">--</div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><=
br></div>Some cases we can directly do assignment, it also can be optimized=
 to reduce heap allocation.<div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div>=C2=A0</div><blo=
ckquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #c=
cc solid;padding-left:1ex">

<br>
Anyway, they say it&#39;s possible to build runtime reflection in D but I&#=
39;ve no idea how... has it never been done before?=C2=A0</blockquote><bloc=
kquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #cc=
c solid;padding-left:1ex">

<br>
Of course, runtime template instantiation won&#39;t be possible. Therefore,=
 run-time casting will have to be more limited than compile-time casting.<b=
r>
<br>
Reflection to free functions would be really nice, but it might be less cap=
able at run-time. Consider if you there is a class A in third-party module =
MA that you want to cast to interface I, but class A is missing a function =
F() from I. So in your module (module MB) you define a free function F(B) a=
nd now you can do the cast. I guess realistically this can only happen at c=
ompile-time, since a run-time cast would naturally only look in module MA, =
not MB, for functions it could use to perform the cast. Presumably, it also=
 requires that MA requested a run-time reflection table to be built, and is=
 it possible to build a reflection table for a module over which you have n=
o control?<br>
</blockquote><div><br></div><div>Free functions support is hard, with runti=
me cast, I just think compile time.</div><div><br></div><div>I am trying to=
=C2=A0support free functions at=C2=A0compile time, is also hard, since the =
generator in gointerface module, but other modules are only visible in the =
module that used these modules. I have an ugly implementation used compile =
time string mixin, trying to simplify it. Fighting.</div>
<div><br></div></div>

--14dae9cdc821784a3904c512d885--

"Paulo Pinto" <pjmlp progtools.org> writes:

On Tuesday, 17 July 2012 at 15:08:18 UTC, David Piepgrass wrote:
 I want to imitate golang's interface in D, to study D's 
 template. I wrote
 some code: https://gist.github.com/3123593

 Now we can write code like golang:
 --
 interface IFoo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c);
 }

 struct Foo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c) {
        writeln("Foo.foo: ", a, ", ", b, ", ", c);
    }
 }

 struct FooFoo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c) {
        writeln("FooFoo.foo: ", a, ", ", b, ", ", c);
    }
 }

 GoInterface!(IFoo) f = new Foo;
 f.foo(3, "abc", 2.2);

 f = new FooFoo;
 f.foo(5, "def", 7.7);
 --

 It is also very naive, does not support some features, like 
 out/ref
 parameters, free functions *[1]* and so on. The biggest 
 problem is downcast
 not supported. In golang, we can write code like*[2]*:
 --
 var p IWriter = NewB(10)
 p2, ok := p.(IReadWriter)
 --

 Seems [p.(IReadWriter)] dynamically build a virtual table 
 *[3]*，because the
 type of "p" is IWriter, it is *smaller* than IReadWriter, the 
 cast
 operation must search methods and build vtbl at run time.

 In D, GoInterface(T).opAssign!(V)(V v) can build a rich 
 runtime information
 to *V* if we need. But if *V* is interface or base class, the 
 type
 information not complete. So, seems like I need runtime 
 reflection? and how
 can I do this in D? I did not find any useful information in 
 the TypeInfo*.

 ------
 [1] free functions support, e.g.
 --
 interface IFoo {
    void foo(int a, string b, float c);
 }
 void foo(int self, int a, string b, float c) {
    writefln("...");
 }

 GoInterface!(int) p = 1;
 p.foo(4, "ccc", 6.6);
 --
 In theory no problem.


 I, too, was enamored with Go Interfaces and implemented them 
 for .NET:

 http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/87991/Dynamic-interfaces-in-any-NET-language


Interesting article, but why not just make use of "dynamic" 
interfaces?

--
Paulo

lijie <cpunion gmail.com> writes:

--bcaec54ee706c76bcc04c5159387
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8

On Wed, Jul 18, 2012 at 2:59 PM, Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> wrote:

 On 2012-07-18 06:10, lijie wrote:

  Free functions support is hard, with runtime cast, I just think compile
 time.


 It's possibly to implement runtime reflection by loading the running
 executable and inspecting the symbol table. It's an ugly hack but it should
 work.

 http://flectioned.kuehne.cn/



It is an optional way. I want to do all thing in D code.


  I am trying to support free functions at compile time, is also hard,
 since the generator in gointerface module, but other modules are only
 visible in the module that used these modules. I have an ugly
 implementation used compile time string mixin, trying to simplify it.
 Fighting.


 I think you can pass a module to a template via an alias parameter. Then
 the template should be able to inspect all free functions using something
 like __traits(allMembers).



I didn't know this usage, I will try it. Thanks.

--bcaec54ee706c76bcc04c5159387
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

On Wed, Jul 18, 2012 at 2:59 PM, Jacob Carlborg <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a hr=
ef=3D"mailto:doob me.com" target=3D"_blank">doob me.com</a>&gt;</span> wrot=
e:<br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D=
"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div class=3D"im">On 2012-07-18 06:10, lijie wrote:<br>
<br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
Free functions support is hard, with runtime cast, I just think compile<br>
time.<br>
</blockquote>
<br></div>
It&#39;s possibly to implement runtime reflection by loading the running ex=
ecutable and inspecting the symbol table. It&#39;s an ugly hack but it shou=
ld work.<br>
<br>
<a href=3D"http://flectioned.kuehne.cn/" target=3D"_blank">http://flectione=
d.kuehne.cn/</a></blockquote><div><br></div><div>It is an optional way. I w=
ant to do all thing in D code.</div><div>=C2=A0</div><blockquote class=3D"g=
mail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-l=
eft:1ex">
<div class=3D"im"><br>
<br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1p=
x #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
I am trying to support free functions at compile time, is also hard,<br>
since the generator in gointerface module, but other modules are only<br>
visible in the module that used these modules. I have an ugly<br>
implementation used compile time string mixin, trying to simplify it.<br>
Fighting.<br>
</blockquote>
<br></div>
I think you can pass a module to a template via an alias parameter. Then th=
e template should be able to inspect all free functions using something lik=
e __traits(allMembers).</blockquote><div><br></div><div>I didn&#39;t know t=
his usage, I will try it. Thanks.</div>
</div><br>

--bcaec54ee706c76bcc04c5159387--

lijie <cpunion gmail.com> writes:

--14dae9cdc821c7402404c51c1196
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8

On Wed, Jul 18, 2012 at 2:59 PM, Jacob Carlborg <doob me.com> wrote:

 I think you can pass a module to a template via an alias parameter. Then
 the template should be able to inspect all free functions using something
 like __traits(allMembers).



--
// file: A.d

module A;

// functions and classes
--

--
// file: testtraits.d

import std.stdio;
import A;

void main() {
  writeln(__traits(allMembers, A));
}
--

There is a compilation error:
testtraits.d(6): Error: import A has no members

If module is under a package name, it is OK, is that a bug?

--14dae9cdc821c7402404c51c1196
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

On Wed, Jul 18, 2012 at 2:59 PM, Jacob Carlborg <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a hr=
ef=3D"mailto:doob me.com" target=3D"_blank">doob me.com</a>&gt;</span> wrot=
e:<div class=3D"gmail_quote"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"mar=
gin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">

I think you can pass a module to a template via an alias parameter. Then th=
e template should be able to inspect all free functions using something lik=
e __traits(allMembers).<br><span class=3D"HOEnZb"><font color=3D"#888888"><=
br>
</font></span></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Have a problem.</div><div><b=
r></div><div>--</div><div>// file: A.d</div><div><br></div><div>module A;</=
div><div><br></div><div>// functions and classes</div><div>--</div><div>
<br></div><div>--</div><div>// file: testtraits.d=C2=A0</div><div><br></div=
<div>import std.stdio;</div><div>import A;</div></div><div><br></div><div>=


}</div>
<div>--</div><div><br></div><div>There is a compilation error:</div><div><d=
iv>testtraits.d(6): Error: import A has no members</div></div><div><br></di=
v><div>If module is under a package name, it is OK, is that a bug?=C2=A0</d=
iv>
<div><br></div>

--14dae9cdc821c7402404c51c1196--