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digitalmars.D - Collateral Exceptions, Throwable vs Exception

reply Andrej Mitrovic <andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> writes:
TDPL code that should work:

class MyException : Exception
{
    this(string s)
    {
        super(s);
    }
}

void fun()
{
    try
    {
        throw new Exception("thrown from fun");
    }
    finally
    {
        gun(100);
    }
}

void gun(int x)
{
    try
    {
        throw new MyException(text("thrown from gun #", x));
    }
    finally
    {
        if (x > 1 )
        {
            gun(x - 1);
        }
    }
}

import std.stdio, std.conv;

unittest
{
    try
    {
        fun();
    }
    catch (Exception e)
    {
        writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
        while ((e = e.next) !is null)
        {
            writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
        }
    }
}

void main()
{
}

Errors out:
(49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type
object.Throwable to object.Exception

Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception type?

I've tried casting e.next to type Exception, but that creates an entire mess.
Aug 19 2010
next sibling parent "Vladimir Panteleev" <vladimir thecybershadow.net> writes:
On Thu, 19 Aug 2010 22:43:59 +0300, Andrej Mitrovic  
<andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> wrote:


 TDPL code that should work:



That reminds me, the code on http://digitalmars.com/d/2.0/windows.html  
doesn't compile as well. You need to change the signature of the  
exceptionHandler function (replace Exception with Throwable) for it to  
compile.

-- 
Best regards,
  Vladimir                            mailto:vladimir thecybershadow.net
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent reply Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org> writes:
Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 TDPL code that should work:




 Errors out:
 (49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type
object.Throwable to object.Exception
 
 Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception type?



Because e.next is a Throwable reference inherited from Throwable:

class Throwable {
    Throwable next;
}

class Error : Throwable {}
class Exception : Throwable {}

Because collateral exceptions could be both Errors and Exceptions, I don't
think the sample code can work exactly as written.
Aug 19 2010
next sibling parent reply Andrej Mitrovic <andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> writes:
--001636283bde3c1184048e32fc37
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1

Actually, would this be safe to use? :

    try
    {
        fun();
    }
    catch (Exception e)
    {
        writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e));

        while ((e = cast(Exception)e.next) !is null)
        {
            writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e));
        }
    }



On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:18 PM, Andrej Mitrovic <
andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> wrote:


 That goes against the statement in TDPL that user code should never catch
 Throwable's, unless absolutely necessary. So in case of collateral
 exceptions, we are forced to catch Throwable anyway?


 On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:00 PM, Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org>wrote:


 Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 TDPL code that should work:




 Errors out:
 (49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type




 Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception




 Because e.next is a Throwable reference inherited from Throwable:

 class Throwable {
    Throwable next;
 }

 class Error : Throwable {}
 class Exception : Throwable {}

 Because collateral exceptions could be both Errors and Exceptions, I don't
 think the sample code can work exactly as written.






--001636283bde3c1184048e32fc37
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Actually, would this be safe to use? :<br><br>=A0=A0=A0 try<br>=A0=A0=A0 {<=
br>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 fun();<br>=A0=A0=A0 }<br>=A0=A0=A0 catch (Exceptio=
n e)<br>=A0=A0=A0 {<br>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 writeln(&quot;Primary exceptio=
n: &quot;, typeid(e));<br>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 <br>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 w=
hile ((e =3D cast(Exception)e.next) !is null)<br>
=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 {<br>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 writeln(&quot;=
Collateral exception: &quot;, typeid(e));<br>=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 }=A0 <br=

=A0=A0=A0 }<br><br><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Thu, Aug 19, 2010=



j.mitrovich gmail.com">andrej.mitrovich gmail.com</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; borde=
r-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">That goes against=
 the statement in TDPL that user code should never catch Throwable&#39;s, u=
nless absolutely necessary. So in case of collateral exceptions, we are for=
ced to catch Throwable anyway?<div>
<div></div><div class=3D"h5"><br><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">
On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:00 PM, Sean Kelly <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=
=3D"mailto:sean invisibleduck.org" target=3D"_blank">sean invisibleduck.org=
</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin=
: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-lef=
t: 1ex;">

<div>Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:<br>
<br>
&gt; TDPL code that should work:<br>
</div>...<br>
<div>&gt; Errors out:<br>
&gt; (49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type obj=
ect.Throwable to object.Exception<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception =
type?<br>
<br>
</div>Because e.next is a Throwable reference inherited from Throwable:<br>
<br>
class Throwable {<br>
 =A0 =A0Throwable next;<br>
}<br>
<br>
class Error : Throwable {}<br>
class Exception : Throwable {}<br>
<br>
Because collateral exceptions could be both Errors and Exceptions, I don&#3=
9;t think the sample code can work exactly as written.<br>
</blockquote></div><br>
</div></div></blockquote></div><br>

--001636283bde3c1184048e32fc37--
Aug 19 2010
parent reply Stanislav Blinov <stanislav.blinov gmail.com> writes:
Andrej Mitrovic wrote:

 Actually, would this be safe to use? :
 
     try
     {
         fun();
     }
     catch (Exception e)
     {
         writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e));
        
         while ((e = cast(Exception)e.next) !is null)
         {
             writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e));
         } 
     }
 



I'm no expert, but why shouldn't? I'd propose a correction though:

while ((e = e.next) !is null)
{
     if (cast(Exception)e)
     {
         writeln(/*whatever*/);
     }
}
Aug 19 2010
parent Stanislav Blinov <stanislav.blinov gmail.com> writes:
Andrej Mitrovic wrote:

 The problem is in the e = e.next assignment, not in the code block below it.
 
 On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:42 PM, Stanislav Blinov
 <stanislav.blinov gmail.com> wrote:

 Andrej Mitrovic wrote:

 Actually, would this be safe to use? :

    try
    {
        fun();
    }
    catch (Exception e)
    {
        writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e));
               while ((e = cast(Exception)e.next) !is null)
        {
            writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e));
        }     }




 while ((e = e.next) !is null)
 {
    if (cast(Exception)e)
    {
        writeln(/*whatever*/);
    }
 }
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent Andrej Mitrovic <andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> writes:
Damn gmail and formatting. I hope that last message wasn't garbled.

On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:25 PM, Andrej Mitrovic
<andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> wrote:

 Actually, would this be safe to use? :
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent reply Andrei Alexandrescu <SeeWebsiteForEmail erdani.org> writes:
On 08/19/2010 03:00 PM, Sean Kelly wrote:

 Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 TDPL code that should work:




 Errors out:
 (49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type
object.Throwable to object.Exception

 Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception type?



 Because e.next is a Throwable reference inherited from Throwable:

 class Throwable {
      Throwable next;
 }

 class Error : Throwable {}
 class Exception : Throwable {}

 Because collateral exceptions could be both Errors and Exceptions, I don't
think the sample code can work exactly as written.



Sean's right. And thanks Sean and Walter for implementing the exceptions 
spec properly, I believe it's very important to the success of D.

Andrej... sounds like another errata entry, please :o).


Andrei
Aug 19 2010
next sibling parent reply Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org> writes:
Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 Yes, I've added it as Throwable. But there's one more problem with
 your code, this:
 
 catch (Throwable e)     // have to use Throwable for collateral exceptions
                             // or maybe use a cast like below
     {
         writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
 
         while ((e = e.next) !is null)
         {
             writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
         }
     }
 
 Will output ~5000 lines of "Exception .." stuff. Oh and in the book it
 looks like you're counting from 100 to 1 (for the throws from gun),
 which makes sense. Yet I'm getting back output from 1 to 100. Not sure
 what's going on there..



Are these stack trace lines or actual distinct exceptions?
Aug 19 2010
parent reply Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org> writes:
The .next property is to allow chaining.  However, it may be that the current
behavior of toString is incorrect, or that a new function should be added that
only returns a string describing the current exception and not the entire chain.

Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 I think I found the problem. e contains all the collateral exceptions
 (in a linked list according to TDPL), and printing out e will print
 out each and every collateral exception.
 
 So if that's the case, there's no point to using that while loop. But
 if we can't print out only one exception from a linked list, then what
 is the point of the .next property?
 
 This prints out the all the collateral exceptions:
 
     try
     {
         fun();
     }
     catch (Throwable e)
     {
         writeln(e);
     }
 
 
 
 On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 11:11 PM, Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org> wrote:

 Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 Yes, I've added it as Throwable. But there's one more problem with
 your code, this:

 catch (Throwable e)     // have to use Throwable for collateral exceptions
                             // or maybe use a cast like below
     {
         writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);

         while ((e = e.next) !is null)
         {
             writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
         }
     }

 Will output ~5000 lines of "Exception .." stuff. Oh and in the book it
 looks like you're counting from 100 to 1 (for the throws from gun),
 which makes sense. Yet I'm getting back output from 1 to 100. Not sure
 what's going on there..



 Are these stack trace lines or actual distinct exceptions?
Aug 19 2010
parent reply Mike Parker <aldacron gmail.com> writes:
Sean Kelly wrote:

 The .next property is to allow chaining.  However, it may be that the current
behavior of toString is incorrect, or that a new function should be added that
only returns a string describing the current exception and not the entire chain.
 



IMO, it should be the opposite. I noticed the current behavior the other 
day and was surprised. I would expect toString to return only the 
message from the Throwable I called it on. A concatenated string of 
messages from the whole chain would be the special case to be separated 
into a convenience function. Then again, I don't see the convenience 
function being necessary, as it's trivial to roll your own for the cases 
when you want it -- which is what I was doing when I discovered the 
current behavior and, like Andrej, was confronted by a long list of 
exception messages.
Aug 19 2010
parent reply Andrei Alexandrescu <SeeWebsiteForEmail erdani.org> writes:
On 08/19/2010 10:14 PM, Mike Parker wrote:

 Sean Kelly wrote:

 The .next property is to allow chaining. However, it may be that the
 current behavior of toString is incorrect, or that a new function
 should be added that only returns a string describing the current
 exception and not the entire chain.



 IMO, it should be the opposite. I noticed the current behavior the other
 day and was surprised. I would expect toString to return only the
 message from the Throwable I called it on. A concatenated string of
 messages from the whole chain would be the special case to be separated
 into a convenience function. Then again, I don't see the convenience
 function being necessary, as it's trivial to roll your own for the cases
 when you want it -- which is what I was doing when I discovered the
 current behavior and, like Andrej, was confronted by a long list of
 exception messages.



My opinion: Throwable should have a  property called printingDepth or 
something. It should default to e.g. 3 (or conservatively at 1) and 
limit the number of exceptions in a chain formatted in toString().

Andrei
Aug 19 2010
parent Mike Parker <aldacron gmail.com> writes:
Andrei Alexandrescu wrote:

 On 08/19/2010 10:14 PM, Mike Parker wrote:

 Sean Kelly wrote:

 The .next property is to allow chaining. However, it may be that the
 current behavior of toString is incorrect, or that a new function
 should be added that only returns a string describing the current
 exception and not the entire chain.



 IMO, it should be the opposite. I noticed the current behavior the other
 day and was surprised. I would expect toString to return only the
 message from the Throwable I called it on. A concatenated string of
 messages from the whole chain would be the special case to be separated
 into a convenience function. Then again, I don't see the convenience
 function being necessary, as it's trivial to roll your own for the cases
 when you want it -- which is what I was doing when I discovered the
 current behavior and, like Andrej, was confronted by a long list of
 exception messages.



 My opinion: Throwable should have a  property called printingDepth or 
 something. It should default to e.g. 3 (or conservatively at 1) and 
 limit the number of exceptions in a chain formatted in toString().
 
 Andrei



Yes, that's better. +1.
Aug 20 2010
prev sibling parent Andrei Alexandrescu <SeeWebsiteForEmail erdani.org> writes:
On 08/19/2010 03:45 PM, Andrej Mitrovic wrote:

 Yes, I've added it as Throwable. But there's one more problem with
 your code, this:

 catch (Throwable e)     // have to use Throwable for collateral exceptions
                              // or maybe use a cast like below
      {
          writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);

          while ((e = e.next) !is null)
          {
              writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
          }
      }

 Will output ~5000 lines of "Exception .." stuff. Oh and in the book it
 looks like you're counting from 100 to 1 (for the throws from gun),
 which makes sense. Yet I'm getting back output from 1 to 100. Not sure
 what's going on there..



The reverse ordering seems to be a bug in the implementation.

Andrei
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent Andrei Alexandrescu <SeeWebsiteForEmail erdani.org> writes:
On 08/19/2010 03:18 PM, Andrej Mitrovic wrote:

 That goes against the statement in TDPL that user code should never
 catch Throwable's, unless absolutely necessary. So in case of collateral
 exceptions, we are forced to catch Throwable anyway?



Indirectly, yes (I'm not positive about this detail though): if an 
Exception is in flight but a Throwable was produced as collateral 
damage, the Throwable won't disobey normal scoping rules etc. so it 
won't be "special" anymore.

Andrei
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent Andrej Mitrovic <andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> writes:
Yes, I've added it as Throwable. But there's one more problem with
your code, this:

catch (Throwable e)     // have to use Throwable for collateral exceptions
                            // or maybe use a cast like below
    {
        writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);

        while ((e =3D e.next) !is null)
        {
            writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
        }
    }

Will output ~5000 lines of "Exception .." stuff. Oh and in the book it
looks like you're counting from 100 to 1 (for the throws from gun),
which makes sense. Yet I'm getting back output from 1 to 100. Not sure
what's going on there..

On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:32 PM, Andrei Alexandrescu
<SeeWebsiteForEmail erdani.org> wrote:

 On 08/19/2010 03:00 PM, Sean Kelly wrote:

 Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 TDPL code that should work:



 ...

 Errors out:
 (49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type
 object.Throwable to object.Exception

 Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception
 type?



 Because e.next is a Throwable reference inherited from Throwable:

 class Throwable {
 =A0 =A0 Throwable next;
 }

 class Error : Throwable {}
 class Exception : Throwable {}

 Because collateral exceptions could be both Errors and Exceptions, I don=







 think the sample code can work exactly as written.



 Sean's right. And thanks Sean and Walter for implementing the exceptions
 spec properly, I believe it's very important to the success of D.

 Andrej... sounds like another errata entry, please :o).


 Andrei
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent Andrej Mitrovic <andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> writes:
The problem is in the e =3D e.next assignment, not in the code block below =
it.

On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:42 PM, Stanislav Blinov
<stanislav.blinov gmail.com> wrote:

 Andrej Mitrovic wrote:

 Actually, would this be safe to use? :

 =A0 =A0try
 =A0 =A0{
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0fun();
 =A0 =A0}
 =A0 =A0catch (Exception e)
 =A0 =A0{
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e));
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 while ((e =3D cast(Exception)e.next) !is nul=







 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0{
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e));
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0} =A0 =A0 }



 I'm no expert, but why shouldn't? I'd propose a correction though:

 while ((e =3D e.next) !is null)
 {
 =A0 =A0if (cast(Exception)e)
 =A0 =A0{
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0writeln(/*whatever*/);
 =A0 =A0}
 }
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org> writes:
Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 That goes against the statement in TDPL that user code should never catch
 Throwable's, unless absolutely necessary. So in case of collateral
 exceptions, we are forced to catch Throwable anyway?



You should avoid explicitly catching Throwable, but I can see what you're
getting at: if a collateral exception is an Error then it should not be
ignored.  You could always do something like this:

catch (Exception e) {
    for (Throwable t = e; t; t = t.next) {
        if (cast(Error) t)
            throw t; // collateral damage critical!
        writeln(t);
    }
}
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling next sibling parent Andrej Mitrovic <andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> writes:
I think I found the problem. e contains all the collateral exceptions
(in a linked list according to TDPL), and printing out e will print
out each and every collateral exception.

So if that's the case, there's no point to using that while loop. But
if we can't print out only one exception from a linked list, then what
is the point of the .next property?

This prints out the all the collateral exceptions:

    try
    {
        fun();
    }
    catch (Throwable e)
    {
        writeln(e);
    }



On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 11:11 PM, Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org> wrote=
:

 Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 Yes, I've added it as Throwable. But there's one more problem with
 your code, this:

 catch (Throwable e) =A0 =A0 // have to use Throwable for collateral exce=







 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 // or maybe use =







 =A0 =A0 {
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);

 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 while ((e =3D e.next) !is null)
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 {
 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e), " "=







 =A0 =A0 =A0 =A0 }
 =A0 =A0 }

 Will output ~5000 lines of "Exception .." stuff. Oh and in the book it
 looks like you're counting from 100 to 1 (for the throws from gun),
 which makes sense. Yet I'm getting back output from 1 to 100. Not sure
 what's going on there..



 Are these stack trace lines or actual distinct exceptions?
Aug 19 2010
prev sibling parent "Steven Schveighoffer" <schveiguy yahoo.com> writes:
On Thu, 19 Aug 2010 18:48:15 -0400, Andrei Alexandrescu  
<SeeWebsiteForEmail erdani.org> wrote:


 On 08/19/2010 03:45 PM, Andrej Mitrovic wrote:

 Yes, I've added it as Throwable. But there's one more problem with
 your code, this:

 catch (Throwable e)     // have to use Throwable for collateral  
 exceptions
                              // or maybe use a cast like below
      {
          writeln("Primary exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);

          while ((e = e.next) !is null)
          {
              writeln("Collateral exception: ", typeid(e), " ", e);
          }
      }

 Will output ~5000 lines of "Exception .." stuff. Oh and in the book it
 looks like you're counting from 100 to 1 (for the throws from gun),
 which makes sense. Yet I'm getting back output from 1 to 100. Not sure
 what's going on there..



 The reverse ordering seems to be a bug in the implementation.



Don't have the book in front of me, but it is important that collateral  
exceptions be ordered in reverse order of insertion, otherwise, adding a  
collateral exception involves a linear search to the end of the linked  
list.

-Steve
Aug 23 2010
prev sibling parent Andrej Mitrovic <andrej.mitrovich gmail.com> writes:
--001636b14d6c7cbcee048e32e20e
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1

That goes against the statement in TDPL that user code should never catch
Throwable's, unless absolutely necessary. So in case of collateral
exceptions, we are forced to catch Throwable anyway?

On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:00 PM, Sean Kelly <sean invisibleduck.org> wrote:


 Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:


 TDPL code that should work:




 Errors out:
 (49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type




 Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception




 Because e.next is a Throwable reference inherited from Throwable:

 class Throwable {
    Throwable next;
 }

 class Error : Throwable {}
 class Exception : Throwable {}

 Because collateral exceptions could be both Errors and Exceptions, I don't
 think the sample code can work exactly as written.



--001636b14d6c7cbcee048e32e20e
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

That goes against the statement in TDPL that user code should never catch T=
hrowable&#39;s, unless absolutely necessary. So in case of collateral excep=
tions, we are forced to catch Throwable anyway?<br><br><div class=3D"gmail_=
quote">
On Thu, Aug 19, 2010 at 10:00 PM, Sean Kelly <span dir=3D"ltr">&lt;<a href=
=3D"mailto:sean invisibleduck.org">sean invisibleduck.org</a>&gt;</span> wr=
ote:<br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8e=
x; border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">
<div class=3D"im">Andrej Mitrovic Wrote:<br>
<br>
&gt; TDPL code that should work:<br>
</div>...<br>
<div class=3D"im">&gt; Errors out:<br>
&gt; (49): Error: cannot implicitly convert expression (e.next) of type obj=
ect.Throwable to object.Exception<br>
&gt;<br>
&gt; Why would the return type of e.next be Throwable if e is an Exception =
type?<br>
<br>
</div>Because e.next is a Throwable reference inherited from Throwable:<br>
<br>
class Throwable {<br>
 =A0 =A0Throwable next;<br>
}<br>
<br>
class Error : Throwable {}<br>
class Exception : Throwable {}<br>
<br>
Because collateral exceptions could be both Errors and Exceptions, I don&#3=
9;t think the sample code can work exactly as written.<br>
</blockquote></div><br>

--001636b14d6c7cbcee048e32e20e--
Aug 19 2010